Surveying textbook free download






















The error caused by assuming the earth to be a plane area is not serious if the area measured is small say within km. Classification based on equipments used : In chain , theodolite, plane table, tacheometric surveys , the equipment named is the major equipment used in survey work. In photogrammetric surveying, major equipment is a photogrammetric camera. Classification Based on Position of instruments : When measurement is done on the ground by say chain, tape or electronic distance measuring equipments it is ground survey, when photographic observations are taken from air, it is aerial survey.

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